ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื

ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื”/ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื. ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช; ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคื•ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืชย  ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.ย 

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืœื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื”.

  • ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ, ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืœื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ โ€‹โ€‹ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉ, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช ืื• ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
  • ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื”-ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื•ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืจืฆืคื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื”. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช.
  • ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืกืคืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ืจืžื”, ื›ืกื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืœืžืงืœื—ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื’ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ืย  ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ืื’ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื•ืขื ืกืคืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื ื•ื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉ.

ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื

ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ

ืขืดืฉ ื ื ืกื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืดืœ

โ€œืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“โ€, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก.

ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืชืช 1994 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ื ืกื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืจื”ืดื‘.
ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืคืื” ืคื ื™ืžืื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื—ืชื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืดืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ื•ืืด ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1982. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื

ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก

ืขืžื•ืชืช ืดื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸืด

โ€œืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“โ€, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก. ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ื ืกื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืจื”ืดื‘. ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืคืื” ืคื ื™ืžืื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื—ืชื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืดืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ื•ืืด ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1982. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืขืžื•ืชืช ืดื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸืด