ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืœื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.

ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ?

  • ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ – ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืœื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขื ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืœื”.
  • ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื – ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืชื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืœื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื˜ืคืœ ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื›ื“.
  • ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” – ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ – ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
  • ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” – ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื‘ื™ืชย ื”ื ื ืžืชืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืืœื• ืฉืกื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”: ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื™ืš ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื, ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”, ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“.

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืœื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  1. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช; ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•.
  2. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืœืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
  3. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืืœื™ื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžื•ืฆื ืืชื ื™, ื“ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื™, ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื”.
  4. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•.
  5. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชืืžืช ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ืืœื™ื”ื.
  6. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื‘ื™ืช

  • ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•.
  • ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช.
  • ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
  • ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืจืคืื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื:ย ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื’ื:ย ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.

ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื

ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ

ืขืดืฉ ื ื ืกื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืดืœ

โ€œืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“โ€, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก.

ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืชืช 1994 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ื ืกื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืจื”ืดื‘.
ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืคืื” ืคื ื™ืžืื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื—ืชื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืดืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ื•ืืด ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1982. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื

ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก

ืขืžื•ืชืช ืดื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸืด

โ€œืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“โ€, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก. ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ื ืกื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืจื”ืดื‘. ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืคืื” ืคื ื™ืžืื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื—ืชื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืดืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ื•ืืด ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1982. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืขืžื•ืชืช ืดื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸืด